Post by Glenda Gustin on Oct 27, 2021 12:31:10 GMT
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials
"The Nuremberg trials (German: Nürnberger Prozesse) were a series of military tribunals held following World War II by the Allied forces under international law and the laws of war. The trials were most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, judicial, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany, who planned, carried out, or otherwise participated in the Holocaust and other war crimes. The trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany, and their decisions marked a turning point between classical and contemporary international law."
The trials consisted of two basic parts: (1) The first, which was a military tribunal, and (2) The S'ubsequent Trials' which covered everything else.
(1) The first and best known of the trials held between 20 November 1945 and 1 October 1946, the Tribunal was given the task of trying 24 of the most important political and military leaders of the Third Reich.
The most prominent of the judges at the trial Francis Biddle, who had sent out a memorandum on 5 January 1945 that expressed Biddle's opinion that instead of proceeding with the original plan for prosecuting entire organizations, there should simply be more trials that would prosecute specific offenders. The Tribunal ruled that any member of an organization convicted of war crimes, such as the SS or Gestapo, who had joined after 1939 would be considered a war criminal. However, Biddle managed to convince the other judges to make an exemption for any member who was drafted or had no knowledge of the crimes being committed by these organizations. Justice Robert H. Jackson argued in favor of prosecuting the Nazi leadership as a criminal conspiracy.
"The Nuremberg trials had a great influence on the development of international criminal law. The Conclusions of the Nuremberg trials served as models for:
The Genocide Convention, 1948.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.
The Nuremberg Principles, 1950.
The Convention on the Abolition of the Statute of Limitations on War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity, 1968.
The Geneva Convention on the Laws and Customs of War, 1949; its supplementary protocols, 1977."
(2) Other trials conducted after the first Nuremberg trial, but not actually part of Nuremberg, include the following:
"Auschwitz trial
Belsen trial
Belzec trial before the 1st Munich District Court in the mid-1960s, of eight SS men of the Belzec extermination camp
Chełmno trials of the Chełmno extermination camp personnel, held in Poland and Germany. The cases were decided almost twenty years apart
Dachau trials
Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
Majdanek trials, the longest Nazi war crimes trial in history, spanning over 30 years
Mauthausen-Gusen camp trials
Hamburg Ravensbrück trials
Sobibór trial held in Hagen, Germany, in 1965 against the SS men of the Sobibor extermination camp
Treblinka trials in Düsseldorf, Germany
The high command trial case 12 of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings"
Additional trials part of Nuremberg:
1 Doctors' Trial 9 December 1946 – 20 August 1947 23 Nazi physicians of the Action T4
2 Milch Trial 2 January – 14 April 1947 Field Marshal Erhard Milch of the Luftwaffe
3 Judges' Trial 5 March – 4 December 1947 16 Nazi German "racial purity" jurists
4 Pohl Trial 8 April – 3 November 1947 Oswald Pohl and 17 SS officers
5 Flick Trial 19 April – 22 December 1947 Friedrich Flick and 5 directors of his companies
6 IG Farben Trial 27 August 1947 – 30 July 1948 24 directors of IG Farben, maker of Zyklon B
7 Hostages Trial 8 July 1947 – 19 February 1948 12 German generals of the Balkan Campaign
8 RuSHA Trial 20 October 1947 – 10 March 1948 14 racial cleansing and resettlement officials
9 Einsatzgruppen Trial 29 September 1947 – 10 April 1948 24 officers of Einsatzgruppen
10 Krupp Trial 8 December 1947 – 31 July 1948 12 directors of the Krupp Group
11 Ministries Trial 6 January 1948 – 13 April 1949 21 officials of Reich ministries
12 High Command Trial 30 December 1947 – 28 October 1948 14 High Command generals
The Nuremberg process initiated 3,887 cases of which about 3,400 were dropped. 489 cases went to trial, involving 1,672 defendants. 1,416 of them were found guilty; less than 200 were executed, and another 279 defendants were sent to life in prison. By the 1950s almost all of them had been released.[3]
Many of the longer prison sentences were reduced substantially by decree of high commissioner John J. McCloy in 1951, and 10 outstanding death sentences from the Einsatzgruppen Trial were converted to prison terms. The same year, an amnesty released many of those who had received prison sentences.
"The Nuremberg trials (German: Nürnberger Prozesse) were a series of military tribunals held following World War II by the Allied forces under international law and the laws of war. The trials were most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, judicial, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany, who planned, carried out, or otherwise participated in the Holocaust and other war crimes. The trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany, and their decisions marked a turning point between classical and contemporary international law."
The trials consisted of two basic parts: (1) The first, which was a military tribunal, and (2) The S'ubsequent Trials' which covered everything else.
(1) The first and best known of the trials held between 20 November 1945 and 1 October 1946, the Tribunal was given the task of trying 24 of the most important political and military leaders of the Third Reich.
The most prominent of the judges at the trial Francis Biddle, who had sent out a memorandum on 5 January 1945 that expressed Biddle's opinion that instead of proceeding with the original plan for prosecuting entire organizations, there should simply be more trials that would prosecute specific offenders. The Tribunal ruled that any member of an organization convicted of war crimes, such as the SS or Gestapo, who had joined after 1939 would be considered a war criminal. However, Biddle managed to convince the other judges to make an exemption for any member who was drafted or had no knowledge of the crimes being committed by these organizations. Justice Robert H. Jackson argued in favor of prosecuting the Nazi leadership as a criminal conspiracy.
"The Nuremberg trials had a great influence on the development of international criminal law. The Conclusions of the Nuremberg trials served as models for:
The Genocide Convention, 1948.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.
The Nuremberg Principles, 1950.
The Convention on the Abolition of the Statute of Limitations on War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity, 1968.
The Geneva Convention on the Laws and Customs of War, 1949; its supplementary protocols, 1977."
(2) Other trials conducted after the first Nuremberg trial, but not actually part of Nuremberg, include the following:
"Auschwitz trial
Belsen trial
Belzec trial before the 1st Munich District Court in the mid-1960s, of eight SS men of the Belzec extermination camp
Chełmno trials of the Chełmno extermination camp personnel, held in Poland and Germany. The cases were decided almost twenty years apart
Dachau trials
Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
Majdanek trials, the longest Nazi war crimes trial in history, spanning over 30 years
Mauthausen-Gusen camp trials
Hamburg Ravensbrück trials
Sobibór trial held in Hagen, Germany, in 1965 against the SS men of the Sobibor extermination camp
Treblinka trials in Düsseldorf, Germany
The high command trial case 12 of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings"
Additional trials part of Nuremberg:
1 Doctors' Trial 9 December 1946 – 20 August 1947 23 Nazi physicians of the Action T4
2 Milch Trial 2 January – 14 April 1947 Field Marshal Erhard Milch of the Luftwaffe
3 Judges' Trial 5 March – 4 December 1947 16 Nazi German "racial purity" jurists
4 Pohl Trial 8 April – 3 November 1947 Oswald Pohl and 17 SS officers
5 Flick Trial 19 April – 22 December 1947 Friedrich Flick and 5 directors of his companies
6 IG Farben Trial 27 August 1947 – 30 July 1948 24 directors of IG Farben, maker of Zyklon B
7 Hostages Trial 8 July 1947 – 19 February 1948 12 German generals of the Balkan Campaign
8 RuSHA Trial 20 October 1947 – 10 March 1948 14 racial cleansing and resettlement officials
9 Einsatzgruppen Trial 29 September 1947 – 10 April 1948 24 officers of Einsatzgruppen
10 Krupp Trial 8 December 1947 – 31 July 1948 12 directors of the Krupp Group
11 Ministries Trial 6 January 1948 – 13 April 1949 21 officials of Reich ministries
12 High Command Trial 30 December 1947 – 28 October 1948 14 High Command generals
The Nuremberg process initiated 3,887 cases of which about 3,400 were dropped. 489 cases went to trial, involving 1,672 defendants. 1,416 of them were found guilty; less than 200 were executed, and another 279 defendants were sent to life in prison. By the 1950s almost all of them had been released.[3]
Many of the longer prison sentences were reduced substantially by decree of high commissioner John J. McCloy in 1951, and 10 outstanding death sentences from the Einsatzgruppen Trial were converted to prison terms. The same year, an amnesty released many of those who had received prison sentences.